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  <div class="section" id="queries">
<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#query-basics" id="id1">Query Basics</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#regular-queries" id="id2">Regular Queries</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simplified-queries" id="id3">Simplified Queries</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" id="id4">Working with Database prefixes manually</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#protecting-identifiers" id="id5">Protecting identifiers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#escaping-queries" id="id6">Escaping Queries</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#query-bindings" id="id7">Query Bindings</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#named-bindings" id="id8">Named Bindings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handling-errors" id="id9">Handling Errors</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prepared-queries" id="id10">Prepared Queries</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparing-the-query" id="id11">Preparing the Query</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executing-the-query" id="id12">Executing the Query</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-methods" id="id13">Other Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-query-objects" id="id14">Working with Query Objects</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-query-class" id="id15">The Query Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-basics">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Query Basics</a><a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Regular Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
type queries are run which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your
results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
this:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Simplified Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <strong>simpleQuery</strong> method is a simplified version of the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$db-&gt;query()</span></code> method. It DOES
NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
<p>It returns whatever the database drivers “execute” function returns.
That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
fetchable results.</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simpleQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Success!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Query failed!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always
returns a resource on success even for write type queries.
So keep that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Working with Database prefixes manually</a><a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prefixTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programmatically
without needing to create a new connection you can use this method:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setPrefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prefixTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can get the current prefix any time with this method:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$DBPrefix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getPrefix</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Protecting identifiers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In many databases, it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
automatically protected</strong>, but if you need to manually protect an
identifier you can use:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protectIdentifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
quote any field and table names that you feed it. Note that it
is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
with unsanitized user data.</p>
</div>
<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protectIdentifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Escaping Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
this:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first"><strong>$db-&gt;escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><strong>$db-&gt;escapeString()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above
function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&#39;&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escapeString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&#39;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><strong>$db-&gt;escapeLikeString()</strong> This method should be used when
strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20% raise&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE &#39;%&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escapeLikeString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s2">&quot;%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escapeLikeString()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Query Bindings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
automatically escaped producing safer queries.
You don’t have to remember to manually escape data — the engine does it automatically for you.</p>
<div class="section" id="named-bindings">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Named Bindings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#named-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Instead of using the question mark to mark the location of the bound values,
you can name the bindings, allowing the keys of the values passed in to match
placeholders in the query:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = :id: AND status = :status: AND author = :name:&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span>
    <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span>
<span class="p">]);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Each name in the query MUST be surrounded by colons.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Handling Errors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>$db-&gt;error();</strong></p>
<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error()</span></code> method
will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simpleQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys &#39;code&#39; and &#39;message&#39;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="prepared-queries">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Prepared Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#prepared-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Most database engines support some form of prepared statements, that allow you to prepare a query once, and then run
that query multiple times with new sets of data. This eliminates the possibility of SQL injection since the data is
passed to the database in a different format than the query itself. When you need to run the same query multiple times
it can be quite a bit faster, too. However, to use it for every query can have major performance hits, since you’re calling
out to the database twice as often. Since the Query Builder and Database connections already handle escaping the data
for you, the safety aspect is already taken care of for you. There will be times, though, when you need to ability
to optimize the query by running a prepared statement, or prepared query.</p>
<div class="section" id="preparing-the-query">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Preparing the Query</a><a class="headerlink" href="#preparing-the-query" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This can be easily done with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prepare()</span></code> method. This takes a single parameter, which is a Closure that returns
a query object. Query objects are automatically generated by any of the “final” type queries, including <strong>insert</strong>,
<strong>update</strong>, <strong>delete</strong>, <strong>replace</strong>, and <strong>get</strong>. This is handled the easiest by using the Query Builder to
run a query. The query is not actually run, and the values don’t matter since they’re never applied, acting instead
as placeholders. This returns a PreparedQuery object:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$pQuery</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
              <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">([</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;country&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;US&#39;</span>
              <span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you don’t want to use the Query Builder you can create the Query object manually using question marks for
value placeholders:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\Database\Query</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="nv">$pQuery</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO user (name, email, country) VALUES (?, ?, ?)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>

    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the database requires an array of options passed to it during the prepare statement phase you can pass that
array through in the second parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">CodeIgniter\Database\Query</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="nv">$pQuery</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO user (name, email, country) VALUES (?, ?, ?)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>

    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">setQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">},</span> <span class="nv">$options</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="executing-the-query">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Executing the Query</a><a class="headerlink" href="#executing-the-query" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Once you have a prepared query you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> method to actually run the query. You can pass in as
many variables as you need in the query parameters. The number of parameters you pass must match the number of
placeholders in the query. They must also be passed in the same order as the placeholders appear in the original
query:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Prepare the Query</span>
<span class="nv">$pQuery</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
              <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">([</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                   <span class="s1">&#39;country&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;US&#39;</span>
              <span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>

<span class="c1">// Collect the Data</span>
<span class="nv">$name</span>    <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$email</span>   <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;j.doe@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$country</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;US&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="c1">// Run the Query</span>
<span class="nv">$results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$pQuery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$country</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This returns a standard <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">result set</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="other-methods">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Other Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#other-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>In addition to these two primary methods, the prepared query object also has the following methods:</p>
<p><strong>close()</strong></p>
<p>While PHP does a pretty good job of closing all open statements with the database it’s always a good idea to
close out the prepared statement when you’re done with it:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$pQuery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>getQueryString()</strong></p>
<p>This returns the prepared query as a string.</p>
<p><strong>hasError()</strong></p>
<p>Returns boolean true/false if the last <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> call created any errors.</p>
<p><strong>getErrorCode()</strong>
<strong>getErrorMessage()</strong></p>
<p>If any errors were encountered these methods can be used to retrieve the error code and string.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-query-objects">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Working with Query Objects</a><a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-query-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Internally, all queries are processed and stored as instances of
CodeIgniterDatabaseQuery. This class is responsible for binding
the parameters, otherwise preparing the query, and storing performance
data about its query.</p>
<p><strong>getLastQuery()</strong></p>
<p>When you just need to retrieve the last Query object, use the
getLastQuery() method:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getLastQuery</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-query-class">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">The Query Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-query-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Each query object stores several pieces of information about the query itself.
This is used, in part, by the Timeline feature, but is available for your use
as well.</p>
<p><strong>getQuery()</strong></p>
<p>Returns the final query after all processing has happened. This is the exact
query that was sent to the database:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getQuery</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This same value can be retrieved by casting the Query object to a string:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>getOriginalQuery()</strong></p>
<p>Returns the raw SQL that was passed into the object. This will not have any
binds in it, or prefixes swapped out, etc:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getOriginalQuery</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>hasError()</strong></p>
<p>If an error was encountered during the execution of this query this method
will return true:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">hasError</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Code: &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getErrorCode</span><span class="p">();</span>
    <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Error: &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getErrorMessage</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>isWriteType()</strong></p>
<p>Returns true if the query was determined to be a write-type query (i.e.,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc):</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">isWriteType</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="c1">// ... do something</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>swapPrefix()</strong></p>
<p>Replaces one table prefix with another value in the final SQL. The first
parameter is the original prefix that you want replaced, and the second
parameter is the value you want it replaced with:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">swapPrefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ci3_&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ci4_&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>getStartTime()</strong></p>
<p>Gets the time the query was executed in seconds with microseconds:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$microtime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getStartTime</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>getDuration()</strong></p>
<p>Returns a float with the duration of the query in seconds with microseconds:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+php notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$microtime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getDuration</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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